NEC
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The 2N3904 is one of the most widely used NPN bipolar junction transistors (BJT) in electronics. It is known for its versatility, reliability and low cost. This transistor is widely used in amplification, switching, and general-purpose low-power applications.
In this guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about the 2N3904 transistor, including its pin configuration, specifications, features, equivalents, and applications.
The 2N3904 is a widely used NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT). It is designed for general-purpose low-power applications. This transistor was first introduced in the 1960s. It has since become a standard component in electronics due to its reliability, availability, and low cost.
As an NPN transistor, the 2N3904 allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter when a small current is applied to the base. This makes it ideal for:
| Pin Number | Pin Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emitter (E) | Releases charge carriers. Usually connected to ground in most circuits. |
| 2 | Base (B) | Controls the transistor. A small current here allows a larger current to flow between collector and emitter. |
| 3 | Collector (C) | The main current-carrying terminal. Usually connected to the load. |
| Parameter | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Part Status | Active | Widely available and still in production. |
| Transistor Type | NPN BJT | Bipolar junction transistor, current flows from collector to emitter when base is biased. |
| Package | TO-92 | Standard small plastic package. |
| Pin Count | 3 | Emitter, Base, and Collector. |
| Mount | Through-Hole | Designed for insertion into PCBs. |
| Semiconductor Material | Silicon (Si) | Built using silicon crystal as the base material. |
|
Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCEO) |
40 V | Maximum voltage between collector and emitter. |
|
Maximum Collector-Base Voltage (VCBO) |
60 V |
Maximum voltage between collector and base. |
|
Maximum Emitter-Base Voltage (VEBO) |
6 V |
Maximum voltage between emitter and base. |
|
Maximum Collector Current (IC) |
200 mA |
Maximum continuous current through collector. |
|
Power Dissipation (PD) |
625 mW |
Maximum power the transistor can safely dissipate. |
|
DC Current Gain (hFE) |
100 – 300 |
Amplification factor, depends on operating conditions. |
|
hFE Min |
100 |
Minimum guaranteed current gain. |
|
Transition Frequency (fT) |
300 MHz |
Maximum frequency for amplification. |
|
Operating & Storage Temperature Range |
-55°C to +150°C |
Safe temperature range for operation and storage. |
NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Package Type: TO-92
Mounting Style: Through-hole
Maximum Collector Current (IC): 200 mA
Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCEO): 40 V
Maximum Emitter-Base Voltage (VEBO):6 V
Power Dissipation (PD): 625 mW
DC Current Gain (hFE): 100 – 300
High Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz
Low Noise
Status: Active, widely available, and cost-effective
Switching Circuits: Controls small loads such as LEDs, relays, and buzzers.
Amplifier Circuits: Used in audio preamplifiers and signal amplification stages.
Oscillator Circuits: Helps generate waveforms in timing and signal generation applications.
Pulse and Waveform Shaping: Used in square wave and pulse generation circuits.
Sensor Interfacing: Works as an interface between low-power sensors and microcontrollers.
Darlington Pair Configurations: Combined with another transistor for higher current gain.
The 2N3904 transistor is manufactured by several leading semiconductor companies. It includes ON Semiconductor, Fairchild, Central Semiconductor, and Diotec.
These manufacturers are well-known for producing high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective components. They serve a wide range of industries, from consumer electronics to industrial applications.
Thanks to its long-standing popularity, the 2N3904 remains in active production, ensuring easy availability for engineers, students, and hobbyists worldwide.
2N3904 transistor datasheet pdf
From amplification to switching, 2N3904 transistor plays a critical role in countless applications. Whether you're just starting to learn about transistors or looking for a reliable component for your next design, the 2N3904 is a dependable solution worth considering.
Set the multimeter to diode mode. NPN transistor, red probe and the black probe to the emitter and collector. PNP transistor, black probe on the base, then the red probe to the emitter and collector. Compare readings with the transistor’s datasheet to confirm proper operation.
Use the 2N3904 as an NPN switch. Connect the base to a control signal; the emitter to ground; and the collector to the load; apply sufficient base current. If you use it in amplifier circuits, biase the base for active-region operation.
Yes, the 2N3904 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor.
Yes, the BC547 and 2N3904 are interchangeable. They are NPN transistors with similar voltage and current ratings. But you must verify the load current and ensure the correct pinout orientation.
A transistor can amplify weak electrical signals. When you use it as an electronic switch, it controls the larger current with a smaller control signal.
Low-power amplifier circuits for audio or RF signals, electronic switching circuits, and oscillator circuits.
The 2N3904 pins are emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C). To identify it, orient the transistor with its flat side facing you. The pins from left to right are E-B-C.
The 2N3904 transistor acts as an NPN switch or amplifier. It allows small base currents to control larger collector-emitter currents.
The 2N3904 is an NPN BJT transistor, not a MOSFET. There is no direct MOSFET equivalent. But you can look for BS170 or ZVN3306A, they are general-purpose N-channel MOSFETs and can replace 2N3904 in many circuits.
The 2N3904 transistor is not obsolete. It is a classic NPN bipolar transistor. It is widely used due to its versatility, low cost, and reliable performance in low-power switching and amplification applications.
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